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In the charging document, HUD accuses Facebook of unlawfully discriminating against people based on race, religion, familial status, disability and other characteristics that closely align with the 1968 Fair House Act's protected classes.
HUD also alleges Facebook allowed advertisers certain tools on their advertising platform that could exclude people who were classified as "non-American-born," "non-Christian" or "interested in Hispanic culture" among other things. It also said advertisers could exclude people based on zip code, essentially "drawing a red line around those neighborhoods on a map."
"Facebook is discriminating against people based upon who they are and where they live," HUD Secretary Ben Carson said in a statement.
"Using a computer to limit a person's housing choices can be just as discriminatory as slamming a door in someone's face."
(Note: Facebook is among NPR's financial sponsors.)
HUD said that the charges would be heard by a U.S. Administrative Law judge or in federal district court.
The charges come on the heels of a complaint HUD filed in August, saying "reasonable cause exists" that a violation had occurred.
Facebook appeared caught off guard by the announcement.
"We're surprised by HUD's decision, as we've been working with them to address their concerns and have taken significant steps to prevent ads discrimination," Facebook said in a statement.
"While we were eager to find a solution," Facebook added, "HUD insisted on access to sensitive information — like user data — without adequate safeguards. We're disappointed by today's developments, but we'll continue working with civil rights experts on these issues."
Last week, Facebook said it would be settling lawsuits for just under $5 million with several civil rights and housing advocates, including the National Fair Housing Alliance.
In that announcement, Facebook said "we can do better" and promised to make changes to its platform including, not allowing housing advertisers to "target by age, gender or zip code."
It also said advertisers that offer housing, employment and credit items "will have a much smaller set" of targeting criteria to choose from.
